Root of Astures:

The question ligur:

It corresponds initially of the Age of the Iron, or final of that of the Bronze, a great expansion ligur for the peninsula. The ethnic base was defended ligur of many Hispanic peoples already a lot of time ago by the father Risco and specially by Hervás and Panduro. This point of view it reinforces later D'Arbois de Jubainville, C. Julian and other authors as A. Schulten, but with different bases, both Frenchmen were supporting that the ligures concerned to Indo-European, the German the Basque was relating with the language ligur.. Kretschmer, Danielsson and in another extreme Rhys supports that they inscriptions ligures more famous (the lepontics) reflect a speech very related to the Celt; Perdesen and Whatmough think more about similarities with lengues italic as the Latin, Terracini, Schiaffini and other Italian scholars try to find not Indo-European elements in them, Menéndez Pidal thinks that ligur classic it was a not Indo-European language, strongly Indo-European influence.
The historical ligures, are well-known enough: being able it was indicating of them, where there were living, what physical features they had and to that activities were devoting themselves few before of Christian Age.
In the classic texts (Posidonio), they are represent you as small, brown, robust and resistant people who was living in huts of wood and especially in caves. They were cultivating with beaks and ploughs stony lands close to the sea and in the Alpine Mediterranean mountains, in which labor the women help them very much. Besides the farm, are given to the hunt and they were raising cattles of whose meat and milk also were feeding, completing his economic life with the trade of the wood of his forests. From the top of the mountains they caused great worry to the Celts and to the Latin ones. It is true that Strabon sign parallelism entity they and the peoples of the north of Spain, but neither this one nor other information authorize to defend in a systematic way the primitive great expansion ligur, since the same geographer establishes parallel others entity distant peoples. Now it suits to indicate that the most eminent archeologists like Bosch, after following Schulten, rejected the existence of ligures peninsular as devoid of archaeological base, and that the historians like Berthelot get to undo the value of the textual testimonies that are adduced to defend her..
 

The question ilíria:

 
Of the year 1200 to 700 B.C. distinguishes itself between the Oder and the Elba a cultural area called of Lusacia or Lausitz. It was characterizing the peoples that it was burying his dead men, once incinerate you, depositing his ashes in urns of mud. The cemeteries constructed by quantity of these urns, forming fenced fields, giving place to the German denomination of 'Urnenfelder'. To the west of Germany, in the same time, other peoples, instead of burning his dead men were burying them in tombs, and to these they they gave the name of 'Hügelgräber'. The homogeneity of the deposits gave place to which there was thought that it was a question of an etnia with characters determine you. The archeologist Schuchardt defended that the men of Lausitz or Urnenfelder, more typical, were German; Kosina thought that it was treating of ilirios; Childre supposes them tracios, and the Slavonic archeologists think that they were of his language family. For years his presence distinguished itself in Spain, but Bosch and Gimpera, they consider them to be vestiges of the first Celts come to you here, Celts who entered Catalonia. Bosch, I publish in his work many finds that world serve him to defend his point of view, but he refused to that these peoples were Celts in strict sense and was supported that before them peoples entered the western and average ports of the Pyrenees of those that they were burying in tombs, which expansion and density pipe of being very much major. The reason of coming of these peoples in mass her is to look for the commercial relations of the peoples of the South with those of the North of the year 1500 for 1000, in pressures of other peoples or in climatological phenomena. Neither it is believed that these peoples of tombs were Celtic inthe concrete sense of the word. One calls them vaguely 'protocelts'. 
The identification of the Urnenfelder with the ilirians is made fashionable lately, for Julius Pokorny's works, being based of that in Lausitz there abound the names of rivers, mounts and places in general in type ilirian, registering them then as far back as where they find the fields of urns in other countries. Names that are not absent in Spain, include in the current toponymy. We recognize, in spite of the indicated, that from the linguistic point of view the question ilirican is situated wrapped in analogous confusion of beginning(principles) question them Etruscan, ligurian and Iberian. Are considered of the type iliran those names that appear in terms as carn = rock; the evidence of which carn is a stone is situated in facts like that the former Carnuntum is today Petronell's Austrian city, which name reflects an ancient latin influence. In Spain turns out to be difficult her to trace for possible confusions with modern others (meat, sheep). In Great Britain, in some languages it is used cairn as stony area. Having it in account, and that such languages are of Celtic root, it would turn out to be very risky to prove the expansion ilirian for western lands using of her, since the Celts could adopt her in very remote epochs, closely together of his point of origin.
Carn and his compounds and derive you, let's go on to other very frequent names in Spain in which it appears the element canta, ganda, on that they called the attention of Bertoldi and Menéndez Pidal; let's notice, his preferential expansion for Galicia, Asturias and Cantabria. They seem to allude also to stony areas (rocky places) and his suffix is interesting -nt - that distinguishes itself like ilirio. Perhaps his diffusion is less capable of being explained by adjustment of the Celts, which seems to happen also tail voice plain amid nava or naba. The zone of great expansion was the Castilian Aragonese one, they will be able to be these ilírian such Renowned Saefes, of them pre-Celtic invasions.

 
 The Celtic question:
 

We have to suppose to these villages, as very warlike and more dice to the ranching that to the agriculture, though they knew the culture with the plough and diverse vegetable species before not cultivated in the Peninsula.
The art of mounting astride, represented in the famous diadem of Moñes, of great hallstáttic type, in that they alternate riders' figures with those of warriors afoot armed with swords and round and small shields touched with feathers, and others in those who behave themselves big containers. The Celtic invasions would be on 650 to. Of J.C., they introduced the iron and one more language in Spain, Celts that it digs to differ those who minor proportions entered on 350 and 250 to. Of J.C., even as mercenaries of the Carthaginians. As for the origin, for linguistic and archaeological reasons studied to conscience of one century to this part, it is necessary to look for it in West Germany, from the Rhine to the Danube in his top year and a half. The knowledge of the iron and the more or less immediate contact of these peoples with others of top civilization produced a metallurgical technology and a few artistic - industrial styles of certain homogeneity, which were considered to be a demonstrative sign of the Celtic expansion.
With regard to the linguistics, for many years sir John Rhys did the following reduction: goidelos = q Celts, britones = p Celts. But it looks like that, though it is continued by enough continental archeologists, is not admitted by the best Celtologists of the current importance, the Irishes. For p Celts he understands himself those that the Indo-European sound q or k they it transform in p. It is evident that they were many groups those that did this, even in the Peninsula; more than that they preserved the former sound. But such a phenomenon that is given in the italic languages does not use us as indication, as said, to divide to 'goidelos' of 'britones'. Cases of P to the beginning that to the first sight we would have to reject like not own(proper) of the Celtic language, and that is typical of her (also of the Basque) one a primitive repugnante for this sound.
To fix the expansion of the Celts, in a beginning one resorted to the study of the names of place.
The term briga in the second term. D'Arbois de Jubainville assembled 41 Spanish examples: 11 Lusitanians, 5 vettones, 5 Galician ones, 3 vacceos, 2 autrigones, 2 turdetanos, 1 oretano, 1 ilercaón, 1 cántabro, 5 Celtiberians.
To these he added those of 14 peoples that should end in work, that explained for or - briga. It is necessary to bear in mind that the word briga has his major concentration in Spain, whereas in France and Great Britain it is small. These facts appear to profitable reflection. If we bear in mind that briga seems to reflect the idea of a city strengthened in a high place, that in Irish, bre (genitive case breg), and in Welsh language also it has analogous word mean hill, we can imagine that the Celts who entered Spain always tried it was strengthening because of the insecurity in which they were living. Entity the ástures we know of the existence of: Agubri (ga) (Miranda), Cadabri (ga) (Morcín), Calubriga (between the Guigurros), Ercoriobri (ga) (Villanueva, Cangues), Longebriga (Valdés),Tebriga (Teberga), Tilobriga (L.lena), and possibly toponyms like La Griega (Villaviciosa).

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